The cathedral is renown for a number of reasons - it was rebuilt after being destroyed in a fire in 1194. The rebuilding took a relatively short 30 years, which resulted in uniformity and architectural consistency not usually found - a great example of Gothic architecture. It is also famous for its 172 large stained glass windows, and especially for the rich blues (known as Chartres Blue) - most all are 13th century originals. The use of flying buttresses allows for the large number of windows, which in turn provides more light inside. Many of the windows have been refurbished and have brilliant colors. 
Also famous is the Chartres Labyrinth - which provides a 260 meter walk toward enlightenment. Unfortunately, it was covered with chairs! We learned that Friday is the only day that you can actually walk the labyrinth. Still a cool thing to see.
There are also many statues and stone carvings - the entrances and choir area has many intricate figures. While we found it all great, our timing could have been better. The choir area and entire east end of the cathedral was closed off for restoration - we could see a single person high on scaffolding doing some work. (It's gonna take a long time!) We also were unable to get into the chapel at that end of the church. Finally, all the guide books mention the sainte voile (holy veil of Mary, from Constantinople imperial treasury to Chartres in 876AD) - guess what, it's in the east end, and not available for viewing. Regardless, we had a great time. I thought that it was better than Notre Dame in Paris since 1) it was not at all crowded and 2) it wasn't nearly as dim inside. In fact, the refurbished parts are bright. Very nice.
We finished off our cathedral experience by climbing the 300 steps in the north bell tower (the newer tower). The New tower is the more elaborate Gothic tower, as opposed to the south, plain Romanesque tower. We had great views of both the church and surrounding town and country. Well worth the steps!
After seeing the church, we wandered around the old section of the town. There were lovely narrow streets and medieval buildings. We had a nice lunch at a small restaurant called Le Pichet (complete with a pot of cider). The town had lots of charm - very clean, easy to get around, many picturesque gardens and buildings. All in all, highly recommended.
We made our way back to the train station and Debbie bought a pair of shoes at a flea market - all in all an excellent day!
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